Lack of association among TNF-alfa gene expression, -308 polymorphism (G > A) and virulence markers of Helicobacter pylori

Background Tumor necrosis factor plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of gastric diseases such as gastric cancer, and an abnormal inflammatory response has frequently been observed in dyspeptic patients. Helicobacter pylori infection can induce a gastric mucosal inflammatory response that may be influenced by -308 (G > A) polymorphisms and gene expression of theTNF- gene. Methods One hundred and thirty-four gastric biopsy samples were collected from patients of both genders (61 and 73, mean age 40.3 ± 24.2 years) with gastric symptoms. The -308 (G > A) polymorphism of TNF- was characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The expression level was measured using real-time PCR, and relative quantification (RQ) was calculated using the comparative CT method (2-CT). Results The analysis revealed an increase in TNF- gene expression in patients with gastritis; on the other hand, no statistical differences were observed in patients with gastric cancer. In addition, no association was found among -308 polymorphism genotypes, virulence markers, or TNF- gene expression. Conclusions Helicobacter pylori induces a large increase in TNF- expression in patients with gastritis, regardless of tissue inflammation, but after the tissue becomes neoplastic, the presence of bacteria did not influence expression. These results suggest that the TNF- pathway may play an important role in the progression from gastritis to gastric cancer.

Lack of association among TNF-α gene expression, -308 polymorphism (G > A) and virulence markers of Helicobacter pylori

Background Tumor necrosis factor plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of gastric diseases such as gastric cancer, and an abnormal inflammatory response has frequently been observed in dyspeptic patients. Helicobacter pylori infection can induce a gastric mucosal inflammatory response that may be influenced by -308 (G > A) polymorphisms and gene expression of theTNF-α gene. Methods One hundred and thirty-four gastric biopsy samples were collected from patients of both genders (61♂ and 73♀, mean age 40.3 ± 24.2 years) with gastric symptoms. The -308 (G > A) polymorphism of TNF-α; was characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The expression level was measured using real-time PCR, and relative quantification (RQ) was calculated using the comparative CT method (2-ΔΔCT). Results The analysis revealed an increase in TNF-α gene expression in patients with gastritis; on the other hand, no statistical differences were observed in patients with gastric cancer. In addition, no association was found among -308 polymorphism genotypes, virulence markers, or TNF-α gene expression. Conclusions Helicobacter pylori induces a large increase in TNF-α expression in patients with gastritis, regardless of tissue inflammation, but after the tissue becomes neoplastic, the presence of bacteria did not influence expression. These results suggest that the TNF-α; pathway may play an important role in the progression from gastritis to gastric cancer(AU)

Cytogenetic effect of 5-azacytidine in patients with hematological malignancies

BACKGROUND: Recently, the importance of cytogenetics has grown in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. 5-azacytidine is a drug that has well-known cytogenetical effects and is approved in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. To date, no studies have been performed to evaluate the impact of 5-azacytidine on the chromosomes of patients with hematological neoplasias. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 5-azacytidine on chromosomes of patients with different hematological malignancies using G-band analyses to identify possible cytogenetical alterations. METHODS: The peripheral blood of 18 patients with hematological malignancies and 18 controls was collected in heparinized tubes. 5-azacytidine was added, at a final concentration of 10-5M, to cultures 7 hours prior to harvest. RESULTS: Uncoiled centromeric/pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosomes-1, 9 and 16 occurred more frequently in the patients than in controls. This higher frequency of uncoiled heterochromatin was statistically significant (p-value = 0.004) for chromosome-9. Conversely, we observed that the fragile site at 19q13 was more frequent in controls (p-value = 0.0468). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that satellite sequences, located in the heterochromatin of chromosome-9, are hypomethylated in hematological malignancies. This hypomethylation may contribute to the disease, activating transposable elements and/or promoting genomic instability, enabling the loss of heterozygosity of important tumor suppressor genes. An investigation of the 19q13 region may help to understand whether or not the predominant occurrence of the fragile site at 19q13 in controls is due to hypermethylation of this region.

Interleukin- 8- 251T > a, interleukin -1α -889C > t and apolipoprotein e polymorphisms in Alzheimer's disease

An inflammatory process has been involved in numerous neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, the inflammatory response is mainly located in the vicinity of amyloid plaques. Cytokines, such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1α (IL-1α), have been clearly involved in this inflammatory process. Polymorphisms of several interleukin genes have been correlated to the risk of developing AD. The present study investigated the association of AD with polymorphisms IL-8 -251T > A (rs4073) and IL-1α-889C > T (rs1800587) and the interactive effect of both, adjusted by the Apolipoprotein E genotype. 199 blood samples from patients with AD, 146 healthy elderly controls and 95 healthy young controls were obtained. DNA samples were isolated from blood cells, and the PCR-RFLP method was used for genotyping. The genotype distributions of polymorphisms IL-8, IL-1α and APOE were as expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The allele frequencies did not differ significantly among the three groups tested. As expected, the APOE4 allele was strongly associated with AD (p < 0.001). No association of AD with either the IL-1α or the IL-8 polymorphism was observed, nor was any interactive effect between both polymorphisms. These results confirm previous studies in other populations, in which polymorphisms IL-8 -251T > A and IL-1α-889C > T were not found to be risk factors for AD.

Helicobacter pylori detection in gastric biopsies, saliva and dental plaque of Brazilian dyspeptic patients

Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen that causes chronic gastritis and is associated with the development of peptic ulcer disease and gastric malignancies. The oral cavity has been implicated as a potential H. pylori reservoir and may therefore be involved in the reinfection of the stomach, which can sometimes occur following treatment of an H. pylori infection. The objectives of this paper were (i) to determine the presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity and (ii) to examine the relationship between oral H. pylori and subsequent gastritis. Gastric biopsies, saliva samples and dental plaques were obtained from 78 dyspeptic adults. DNA was extracted and evaluated for the presence of H. pylori using polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting methods. Persons with gastritis were frequently positive for H. pylori in their stomachs (p < 0.0001) and there was a statistically significant correlation between the presence of H. pylori in gastric biopsies and the oral cavity (p < 0.0001). Our results suggest a relationship between gastric infection and the presence of this bacterium in the oral cavity. Despite this, H. pylori were present in the oral cavity with variable distribution between saliva and dental plaques, suggesting the existence of a reservoir for the species and a potential association with gastric reinfection.

Low frequency of human papillomavirus detection in prostate tissue from individuals from Northern Brazil

The presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) was evaluated in 65 samples of prostate tumours and six samples of prostates with benign prostatic hyperplasia from individuals from Northern Brazil. We used a highly sensitive test, the Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test, to detect 37 high and low-risk HPV types. In this study, only 3 percent of tumour samples showed HPV infection. Our findings support the conclusion that, despite the high incidence of HPV infection in the geographic regions studied, HPV was not associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the frequency of HPV detection in prostatic tissue of individuals from Brazil.

Study of Methylation Pattern of de Novo DNA Methyltransferase Genes and its Correlation with DNA Methylation Pattern of RUNX3 in Individuals with Gastric Cancer from Northern Region of Brazil / Estudio del Estado de Metilación de Novo de Genes Metiltransferasas y su Correlación con el Patrón de Metilación de RUNX3 en Individuos con Cáncer Gástrico de la Región Norte del Brasil

Gastric cancer is the forth malignancy in frequency in the world. In the northern Brazil is the second neoplasia most frequent in males and the third most frequent in females. Genetic and epigenetic alterations are evolved on gastric carcinogenesis and DNA methylation is the epigenetic alteration better studied. We analyzed de novo DNA methyltransferases methylation pattern and its association with RUNX3 gene methylation pattern in Brazilian samples of intestinal-type and diffuse-type of gastric cancer. PCR methylation specific was used to evaluate DNA methylation pattern. Sixty-six samples were studied in this work. Only the gene RUNX3 presented altered methylation pattern, being methylated in 38.5% of gastric cancer intestinal-type samples and in 70% of gastric cancer diffuse-type samples and, by this reason, it should be evolved in the genesis of this neoplasia. There was a statistically significant difference among diffuse-type and intestinal-type samples (p=0.0418) and among normal and tumour tissues (p<0.0001) for RUNX3 gene but not to DNMT3A, DNMT3B e DNMT3 genes on CpG islands analyzed. Alteration of RUNX3 methylation pattern is not associated to de novo alteration of DNA methyltransferases methylation pattern on studied regionsTherefore, it becomes necessary a better comprehension of this phenomenon on gastric carcinogenesis.

El cáncer gástrico es la cuarta patología más frecuente en el mundo. En el norte del Brasil, es la segunda neoplasia más frecuente en hombres y la tercera en mujeres. Alteraciones genéticas y epigenéticas relacionadas con la carcinogénesis gástrica y la metilación del DNA son las alteraciones epigenéticas mejor estudiadas. En este trabajo, analizamos el estado de novo de metilación de genes DNA metiltransferases y su asociación con el estado de metilación del gen RUNX3 en muestras de individuos brasileños con cáncer gástrico de los tipos intestinal y difuso. Fue usada la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), metilación específica, para analizar el estado de metilación del DNA. Fueron estudiados 66 tejidos tumorales. Solamente el gen RUNX3 presentó un estado de metilación alterado, estuvo metilado en 38,5% de las muestras de cáncer gástrico tipo intestinal y en 70% de muestras de cáncer gástrico tipo difuso, lo que sugiere que estaría relacionado con la génesis de esta neoplasia. Hubo una diferencia estadística significativa entre muestras de los tipos difuso e intestinal (p=0.0418) y entre tejidos normal y tumoral (p<0.0001)parael gen RUNX3. Esta asociación no fue encontrada para los genes DNMT3A, DNMT3B y DNMT3 en las islas CpG analizadas. Alteraciones del estado de metilación de RUNX3 no están asociadas con alteraciones de novo de genes DNA metiltransferases. De esta forma se hace necesaria una mejor comprensión de este fenómeno en la carcinogénesis gástrica.

Chromosome instability in carcinomas / Inestabilidad Cromosómica en Carcinomas

Los modelos actuales de carcinogénesis consideran la ocurrencia de mutaciones crecientes y mecanismos selectivos, favoreciendo la sobrevivencia y proliferación celular aumentada. Mecanismos epigenéticos también participan en la oncogénesis, destacando la metilación del DNA. La característica de las células tumorales que permite el aumento de la ocurrencia de mutaciones es denominada inestabilidad genética, donde son identificados dos mecanismos: inestabilidad de microsatélites, caracterizada por alteraciones nucleotídicas con errores en los sistemas de reparación del DNA; inestabilidad cromosómica, en la cual las aberraciones suceden en grandes segmentos cromosómicos. Los carcinomas son caracterizados por alteraciones citogenéticas complejas y grandes mezclas génicas. Alteraciones teloméricas, quiebres de DNA reparados inadecuadamente y deficiencia en los sistemas de chequeo del huso mitótico, son eventos capaces de generar inestabilidad cromosómica y aneuploidía que caracterizan estas neoplasias más agresivas. El conocimiento de los mecanismos que provocan la inestabilidad cromosómica puede permitir la utilización clínica de información en el desarrollo de estrategias terapéuticas más adecuadas, dirigidas a puntos específicos involucrados en procesos de malignización.

In the current carcinogenesis models, the occurrence of increasing mutations and selection mechanisms favoring cell survival and higher proliferation rates are taken into account. Epigenetic mechanisms, among which DNA methylation stands out, also take part in oncogenesis. The characteristic of tumor cells that allows the increase of mutations is named genetic instability, encompassing two mechanisms: microsatellite instability, characterized by nucleotide alterations with errors in the DNA repair systems; and chromosomal instability, represented by aberrations occurring in large chromosome segments. Carcinomas are characterized by complex cytogenetic alterations and large gene amalgamations. Telomeric alterations, inadequately repaired DNA breaks, and deficiencies in the mitotic spindle checking systems are events capable of generating the chromosomal instability and aneuploidy which characterize more aggressive neoplasias. A better understanding of the chromosomal instability mechanisms can show the way towards a clinical utilization of such information, like developing more adequate therapeutic strategies, targeted at specific sites involved in the malignization process.

cagA positive Helicobacter pylori in Brazilian children related to chronic gastritis

Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped Gram-negative bacterium. It colonizes the gastric mucosa of humans and persists for decades if not treated. Helicobacter pylori infection affects more than half of the world's population and invariably results in chronic gastritis. The cagA gene is present in about 60 to 70 percent of H. pylori strains; it encodes a high-molecular-weight protein (120 to 140 kDa) and several investigators have noted a correlation between strains that possess cagA and the severity of gastric mucosal inflammation. We examined the relation between cagA status in H. pylori strains and chronic gastritis with inflammatory processes in children from Marília, São Paulo, Brazil. One-hundred-twenty-one children were analyzed histopathologically and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect H. pylori and cagA. We then looked for an association between cagA presence and inflammatory infiltration. Using histology and PCR, we found 47 percent H. pylori positive infection; 29 children were diagnosed with chronic gastritis, while 28 showed normal mucosa by histopathological analysis. CagA presence was genotyped in both groups, and an inflammatory infiltrate was studied in all infected children with chronic gastritis. We found cagA strains in 20 of 29 (69 percent) children with chronic gastritis and 18 of 28 (64 percent) with normal mucosa, demonstrating a strong relationship between the strains and the inflammatory process. We found a positive association between an inflammatory process associated with H. pylori of cagA+ strains and chronic gastritis development.

Drifter technique: a new method to obtain metaphases in Hep-2 cell line cultures

A linhagem celular Hep-2 é formada por células de carcinoma da laringe e é muito utilizada em modelos de carcinogênese e mutagenêse. Para avaliar o potencial proliferativo desta linhagem, desenvolvemos uma metodologia citogenética (técnica do sobrenadante) para obtenção de metáfases a partir de células que, ao entrarem em mitose, perdem adesão celular, ficando em suspensão no meio de cultura. Através deste procedimento, foram contadas 2000 células, correspondendo a um índice mitótico (IM) de 22.2% . Apesar de o IM obtido por esta técnica não ter sido estatisticamente diferente do IM obtido por outras metodologias citogenéticas clássicas, a técnica do sobrenadante é vantajosa porque elimina o uso de alguns reagentes utilizados na obtenção de metáfases e também diminui o consumo de reagentes de manutenção desta linhagem.

Review article: chromosomal diagnosis in rhabdomyosarcoma

Os rabdomiossarcomas (RMS) são considerados tumores clinicamente agressivos com origem a partir de células mesenquimais imaturas e que se caracterizam pela presença de células com diferenciação pouco definida. O emprego das técnicas citogenéticas convencionais em RMS vem contribuindo consideravelmente para a diferenciação entre os rabdomiossarcomas alveolares e os outros tumores de células pequenas e redondas, além de fornecer informações prognósticas importantes referente ao rabdomiossarcoma do tipo alveolar. Assim, este trabalho visa a realizar uma revisão das alterações citogenéticas observadas nos diferentes subtipos histológicos de RMS, enfocando não só os trabalhos de citogenética convencional, mas também novas abordagens utilizadas para o estudo de neoplasias tais como FISH, CGH, SKY e M-FISH. Tais metodologias vêm contribuindo de maneira significativa para a melhor compreensão da heterogeneidade cariotípica observada nos RMS.

Helicobacter pylori: marcadores de patogenicidade e predisposição ao desenvolvimento de doenças gástricas / Helicobacter pylori: virulence markers of patogenecity and predisposition for gastric diseases

Introdução: helicobacter pylori, bactéria gram negativa que coloniza a mucosa gástrica, tem sido, fortemente, associada à gastrite crônica, úlcera gástrica e duodenal e fator de risco para câncer gástrico. Interações envolvendo fatores ambientais, do hospedeiro e fatores da bactéria têm contribuído para a progressão da doença gástrica e extensivos estudos levaram à caracterização da citotoxina vacuolizante (gene vacA) , citotoxina associada (gene cagA), e dos genes iceal e babA2. Objetivo: discutir a importância dos genes de virulência do Helicobacter pylori no desenvolvimento de doenças gástricas. Método: realizada revisão da literatura utilizando os trabalhos recentes sobre o assunto. Considerações finais: é demonstrada a importância do estudo dos genes de virulência do Helicobacter pylori nas doenças gástricas, uma vez que os mesmos estão envolvidos na gênese dessas alterações

Asociacion entre la pérdida del cromosoma x en mujeres de edad avanzada y el polimorfismo de la apolipoproteina a-iv: 360 gln/his / Association of chromosome x loss in elderly women with apolipoprotein a-iv: 360 polymorphism

La pérdida del cromosoma X en mujeres, asociada a la edad avanzada, es un fenómeno ya reconocido hace décadas. Los factores genéticos que llevan a esta pérdida o a la no-disyunción cromosómica, son poco conocidos. Polimorfismos de apolipoproteinas fueron asociados a la ocurrencia de sindromes cromosómicos como las trisomias del 18 y 21 y fue sugerida su participación en la segregación cromosómica. Polimorfismos de la apolipoproteina AIV:360 fueron asociados a molestias cardiovasculares en la población brasile¤a. Veinticuatro mujeres entre 72 a 87 a¤os, fueron seleccionadas para estudiar la presencia o ausencia del alelo 2 (HIS) y analizar la pérdida del cromosoma X. El analisis citogenético fue realizado en núcleos interfásicos de cultivos de linfocitos por técnica de hibridación in situ con sonda fluorescente centromérica del cromosoma X. El análisis genotipico fue realizado a partir de ADN extraido de la sangre, amplificado por PCR y digerido por la enzima de restricción Fnu4HI. Se observó una proporción significantemente mayor de células con la perdida del cromosoma X, en mujeres con alelo 2 (HIS). Estos resultados indican la participación del gen de la ApoA-IV en la no-disyunción cromosómica. Los mecanismos de su actuación pueden estar relacionados a da¤os oxidativos producto de alteraciones en la microcirculación e inducción de muerte celular. La comprensión de este mecanismo todavia necesita de mayor investigación.

Síndrome de Down, envelhecimento e doença de Alzheimer: perspectivas / Down syndrome, aging and Alzheimer disease: perspectives

Indivíduos com síndrome de Down requerem cuidados especiais durante toda a sua vida. O significativo aumento da expectativa de vida nas últimas décadas em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down, em virtude de maior controle de doenças infecto-contagiosas, das correções cirúrgicas das cardiopatias congênitas e da melhor atenção médica em geral, levou por outro lado, à manifestação de sinais e sintomas de envelhecimento prematuro associados à doença de Alzheimer (DA), a partir da quarta década de vida

Interleucina 1Beta (IL-1Beta) na gênese do câncer gástrico / Iinterleukin 1Beta (IL-1Beta) in the development for gastric cancer

Introdução:Dentre os tumores diagnosticados em todo o mundo, o adenocarcinoma gástrico é o segundo tipo de câncer mais freqüente e representa uma das principais causas de mortalidade por câncer. O Estado do Pará apresenta elevada prevalência desta neoplasia assumindo características de saúde pública. A interleucina 1 beta (IL-1beta) modula várias funções das células gástricas parientais e desta forma, alguns estudos demonstraram que a IL-1beta age como um poderoso inibidor da secreção gástrica, com um efeito anti-secretório secundário à infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori contribuindo para hipoacidez do estômago. A ocorrência de diferentes polimorfismos no conjunto de genes da IL-1beta, estão sendo associados com o aumento da produção da mesma e elevado risco para o desenvolvimento de hipocloridria e câncer gástrico. Os diferentes alelos da IL-1beta descritos diferenciam-se por transição da base citocina para timina nas posições -511, -31 e +3954 pares de bases do sítio de início transcricional, enquanto que os diferentes alelos do receptor antagonista da L1beta(IL-NR) possuem números variáveis de uma seqüência de 87 bases localizadas no segundo intron desse gene os quais onduzem a um aumento da produção da interleucina tais como seus precursores.Objetivo:Discutir a correlação do envolvimento dos diferentes polimorfismos da IL1beta nas doenças gástricas. Método:Realizada revisão da literatura utilizando os trabalhos recentes sobre o assunto. Considerações finais:É demonstrada a importância do envolvimento dos polimorfismos da IL1-beta nas doenças do estômago, como biomarcadores que possam ser utilizados como fatores prognósticos do desenvolvimento de câncer gástrico

Doença de Alzheimer / Alzheimer disease

O artigo apresenta uma revisão sucinta dos aspectos genéticos da doença de Alzheimer e da metodologia empregada. Três genes distintos foram responsabilizados pela afecção até o momento: o da APP - responsável pela substância precursora da b-amilóide, a qual se deposita intensamente no cérebro dos afetados e está associada ao quadro demencial -, o gene da presenilina 1 (PS1) e o da presenilina 2 (PS2), proteínas de membrana celular. O gene da PS1 é responsável por cerca de 40 por cento dos casos familiares de acometimento precoce da DA. Os genes da ApoE4, da a-2-macroglobulina e da catepsina D, envolvidos no metabolismo da b-amilóide, foram caracterizados como fatores de risco para a DA. O gene da ApoE4 é fator de risco em cerca de 50 por cento dos casos de DA esporádicos e de acometimento tardio. Muitos outros genes foram ainda associados à DA e são apresentados brevemente. São discutidas a conduta - quanto ao aconselhamento genético para familiares de afetados - e a utilização de diagnóstico molecular na predisposição genética à afecção. É apresentado como mecanismo comum às síndromes progeróides genéticas, como a DA, a alteração da atividade dos genes ribossômicos

Satellite association and nucleolar organizer regions in the elderly

A expressäo dos genes ribossômicos representada pelas freqüências de associaçöes de satélites e de regiöes organizadoras de nucléolo (RONs) ativas foi avaliada em culturas de linfócitos de um grupo de recém-nascidos e um grupo de indivíduos com idades entre 70-90 anos, através de técnica de coloraçäo pela prata. Observamos freqüências semelhantes de RONs ativas em ambos os grupos ao lado de uma freqüência mais elevada de associaçöes de satélites no grupo dos idosos

Aspectos citogenéticos do processo de envelhecimento celular / Cytogenetic aspects of cellular aging

Säo apresentadas as teorias acerca do envelhecimento celular que consideram tanto os eventos estocásticos (cauais) como os programados geneticamente na gênese deste processo. As áreas de investigaçäo e os modelos de estudo que apresentam perspectivas promissoras para a compreensäo do processo de envelhecimento celular säo apontados. As possibilidades oferecidas pelo estudo citogenético na tentativa da elucidaçäo deste processo säo avaliadas